Alterations in alanine metabolism in diabetic dogs during short-term treatment with an artificial B cell

Summary The flux rates of plasma glucose and alanine were studied isotopically (6-³H-glucose and U-¹⁴C-alanine simultaneously) in resting chronically diabetic dogs during short-term treatment with an artificial B cell where the insulin was infused into a peripheral vein. Despite perfect blood glucose control and normal glucose flux rates, the concentration and rates of appearance and disappearance of alanine were significantly elevated in the diabetic animals before, during and after an exogenous glucose load. The incorporation of the carbon moiety of alanine into circulating glucose was also increased, but diminished to a near-normal extent when exogenous glucose was given. The plasma clearance rates for alanine in the diabetic dogs were normal throughout the study. It is concluded that normal blood glucose control in diabetes does not necessarily mean normalization of the entire metabolic network. On the basis of peripheral hyperinsulinaemia alanine formation from glucose and branched chain amino acids is elevated in muscle. This may explain increased flux of alanine despite normal blood glucose control.     

Artificial Liver: Present and Future

Early in 1956, the first model of a biological artificial liver, using a live dog's liver incorporated in a cross-hemodialyzer, was placed in an experimental animal with portocaval encephalopathy. This "biological artificial liver," a hybrid artificial liver in the present terminology, was the first in the world. In October 1958, the first human patient, a young male patient in hepatic coma due to liver cirrhosis, was placed on the laboratory-made biological artificial liver composed of four parabiotic cross-hemodialyzers connected with four live dogs' livers to which the "hepatic reactors" for ammonium adsorption and acid-base balance were additionally equipped. This first case was very successful, resulting in the patient's recovery from coma. This article introduces the past history of the artificial liver, research of which has mainly been conducted in Japan since the early 1950s by the author, M. Mito, and Y. Nosé. Until recently, little progress has been made in this field through the application of blood purification principles such as hemoadsorption, plasmapheresis, and other modifications and combinations. Accumulation of clinical experiences with such conventional methods has stimulated the third generation of the artificial liver to a return to a hybrid organ applying modern science and technology. A concept of hybrid organs in comparison with organ transplants is introduced. The Japanese national project of developing a new artificial liver system, as conducted by the author as the chairman and his associates, is introduced.     

降低重症患者人工气道湿化不足发生率

目的降低重症患者人工气道湿化不足发生率。方法开展品管圈活动,通过医护双方合作,优化气道管理团队,完善人工气道湿化评估方案,改良气道湿化装置,增加气道湿化途径,实行复合序贯式湿化-排痰护理管理模式等,实现了气道湿化、辅助排痰、气道廓清一体化。结果重症患者人工气道湿化不足发生率从28.57%降低至11.26%,目标达标率为100.58%,进步率为60.59%。结论通过开展品管圈活动,规范了重症患者人工气道湿化方案,降低了气道相关并发症发生率,有效改善了患者治疗结局,提升了医疗质量。     

递进式目标康复护理对老年股骨颈骨折人工置换患者的临床效果

目的：探究递进式目标康复护理对老年股骨颈骨折人工置换患者术后功能恢复的影响及护理体会。方法：选取河南大学第一附属医院2018年6月至2020年8月期间收治的112例老年股骨颈骨折人工置换患者,按照手术先后顺序分为观察组和对照组,各56例。对照组患者实施常规护理,观察组患者实施递进式目标康复护理干预,比较两组患者自我效能水平、髋关节功能及日常活动能力。结果：干预后观察组患者自我效能、髋关节功能、日常活动能力评分均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P <0.05）。结论：递进式目标康复护理干预的应用对促进老年股骨颈骨折人工置换患者自我效能水平,提高术后髋关节功能恢复情况,改善其日常活动能力等方面均具有较高的可行性。     

人工股骨头置换术对老年股骨粗隆间骨折患者的影响

目的：探讨应用人工股骨头置换术治疗对老年股骨粗隆间骨折（IFF）患者髋关节功能及并发症情况的影响。方法：选择河南中医药大学第三附属医院2020年5月至2022年5月期间收治的60例IFF患者,随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各30例。对照组行股骨近端锁定钢板（LPFP）手术治疗,观察组应用人工股骨头置换术治疗,观察两组患者的并发症发生情况,比较手术前后患者的骨密度水平、视觉模拟评分法（VAS）及Harris髋关节功能评分。结果：两组患者术后1个月骨密度高于术前,且观察组高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P <0.05）;观察组患者术后的VAS评分低于对照组,Harris评分高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P <0.05）;观察组患者的并发症总发生率低于对照组,差异具有统计学意义（P <0.05）。结论：人工股骨头置换术在IFF患者中手术效果较理想,能恢复患者髋关节功能,术后并发症发生风险低。     

人工智能联合肺部低剂量CT在新型冠状病毒肺炎诊断中的应用评价

目的:探讨人工智能(AI)与肺部低剂量CT(LDCT)联合应用于新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)中有效降低辐射剂量的可行性方案。方法:选取在医院就诊的216例COVID-19住院患者,采用随机数表法将其分为常规剂量CareDose模式的80150mAs组、低剂量CareDose模式的2150mAs组和人工固定低管电流模式的20mAs组,每组72例。3组患者扫描图像由AI阅片,并由3位高级职称的放射专家双盲评判图像质量和检出符合率;对比分析3组CT剂量指数(CTDI_vol)、剂量长度乘积(DLP)和有效剂量(ED)。结果:2150mAs组图像主观评分和诊断符合率接近80150mAs组,且明显优于20mAs组。2150mAs组CTDI_vol、DLP和ED均显著低于80150mAs组,3组比较差异具有统计学意义(F=514.05,F=589.02,F=246.96;P<0.05)。结论:AI联合低剂量自动管电流调制技术能够显著降低COVID-19患者CT检查中的辐射剂量,且不影响诊断检出率。     

人工智能辅助学术同行评议的应用及分类

【目的】 分析人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI)作为辅助工具在学术同行评议中的创新应用,提出未来发展建议。【方法】 首先通过文献调研法和案例分析法,比较国内外AI辅助学术同行评议的应用实践;其次按功能对其进行分类,并阐述其主要支撑算法;最后展望AI在学术同行评议领域的未来发展方向。【结果】 国内方面,AI推荐审稿人功能被应用于基金评审,但AI学术影响力预测功能尚停留在研发阶段;国外方面,除学术不端检测功能外,其他功能的应用均处于起步阶段。按功能不同,AI辅助同行评议可分为投稿审查、审稿人推荐和学术影响力预测3类。其未来发展方向为:评议流程和文本结构的标准化、智能算法的通用化、评议专家库和已发表学术论文数据库的集成化;最终AI将发挥评议主体功能。【结论】 科研机构与学术期刊应积极参与全文文献数据库与全球审稿人数据库等相关数字基础设施建设,加快AI在学术同行评议中的应用,进一步推进该领域的数字化和智能化。     

《2020 ACOG实践简报:孕龄≤70 d药物流产(No.225)》解读

药物流产(MA)是早孕期避孕失败的补救措施,主要药物为米非司酮和米索前列醇,二者联合使用,可使早孕期孕妇完全终止妊娠率达到90%。但是,MA导致的患者阴道流血时间长、量多,甚至阴道大流血,而需采取急诊刮宫术治疗等,尚未被彻底解决。如何安全、有效终止早孕期妊娠,保护女性生殖健康是目前国内外该领域的研究重点。美国妇产科医师学学会(ACOG)发布的《2020 ACOG实践简报:孕龄≤70 d药物流产(No.225)》对早孕期孕妇终止妊娠,具有重要指导作用。笔者拟就该简报对MA用于孕龄≤70 d孕妇的临床效果评估,MA用药方案、禁忌证、适应证,MA前咨询和检查,MA疼痛管理,MA后观察、预防性抗菌药物使用、随访管理、避孕措施9个方面基于循证医学推荐进行解读。     

儿童白内障摘除人工晶体植入术的临床分析

目的：评价儿童白内障摘除人工晶体植入术后的临床疗效。讨论儿童白内障手术治疗的时机、方式、屈光度的选择和术后处理。方法：23例34只眼施行后房型人工晶体植入术,其中26只眼为先天性白内障,8只眼为外伤性白内障。结果：术后矫正视力满意。但术后葡萄膜反应及后囊膜混法严重。结论：儿童白内障摘除后植入人工晶体是恢复视力的最好方法。     

人工流产术前宫颈及子宫内膜麻醉的镇痛效果探讨

目的　探讨宫颈与子宫内膜两部位联合麻醉、普鲁卡因与利多卡因两药物配合应用在人工流产术中的镇痛效果。方法　人工流产术前对麻醉组 10 6例行普鲁卡因宫颈浸润麻醉和利多卡因子宫内膜表面麻醉。术中记录受术者腹痛程度、无阻力插入宫颈内口的扩张器号、出血量、人流综合征例数等指标。按照世界卫生组织规定疼痛标准及人工流产综合征反应进行评价 ,同期选择按传统机械扩宫法 10 4例做对照。结果　麻醉组镇痛有效率95 3% ,宫口松驰有效率 95 3% ,人流综合征无 1例发生。两组比较P均 <0 0 0 1。两组出血量比较无差异 ,无利多卡因毒性反应发生。结论　人工流产术前普鲁卡因宫颈浸润麻醉和利多卡因子宫内膜表面麻醉镇痛效果显著 ,可大大降低人流综合征的发生 ,避免利多卡因的毒性反应